Payments for agrobiodiversity conservation services: An overview of Latin American experiences,lessons learned and upscaling challenges

Many developing countries face a major challenge today: how to safeguard the biodiversity maintained in the fields of the rural poor - which constitute a national and global public good - whilst meeting those same people's development needs and rights? A solution to this dilemma has thus been sought in adapting the design and implementation of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) concepts to the conservation of agrobiodiversity.Here we review the application of nine such Payments for Agrobiodiversity Conservation (PACS) schemes that have been applied to date in four Latin American countries over the period 2010–2018. These covered 130 threatened varieties across a number of major food crops, and involved over 100 farming communities and 1,100 farmers (45 % of which were women). Conservation service offers were received through a competitive tender mechanism. Average bid offers revealed high heterogeneity, varying between US$675/ha. to ten times as much.In relation to issues identified as key to PES, such as spatial targeting, differentiated payments and conditionality, the underlying design of the PACS schemes may be considered solid. PACS-related prioritisation processes allow for the a priori identification of sites with high ecosystem service densities and high threat levels. The use of competitive tenders permits accounting for cost heterogeneity in the provision of conservation services and for payments to be differentiated. Conditionality is strong.In terms of implementation, a “back of the envelope” calculation based on the results of the competitive tenders suggests that conservation costs are modest. For a priority conservation portfolio of 100 varieties (which may be from different crops) each with a target area of five hectares, costs would amount to just under US$860,000 over twenty years or US$70,000 p.a. at a 5 % discount rate. The small-scale and one-off nature of the interventions realised to date, along with threatened crop variety seed availability constraints, have however meant that environmental effectiveness has been incomplete in the short-term (area cultivated with specific threatened varieties increased, but still below the “not at risk” threshold). The establishment of systematic monitoring systems is required to determine longer-term impacts and inform more regular PACS interventions within a dynamically evolving systems context.     

新零售视角下贵州农资物流配送模式研究

农业是国民经济的基础,而农业生产资料的支持是农业发展的基础。在“三农”问题愈发重要的今天,农业生产资料的配送问题也随之显得十分重要。贵州省农村物流发展缓慢,传统的农资配送过程中存在着配送环节过多、配送成本过高、企业获得利润过少的问题,同时也造成了农民生产成本过高、收入低的现象。文章在分析了贵州省农资物流供应链发展现状、存在问题以及问题产生的原因基础之上,提出了“新零售”视角下建立贵州农资配送新模式。     

结合新型模糊支持向量机和证据理论的多传感器水质数据融合

在多传感器水质数据融合领域，证据理论是有效的数据融合方法之一，但基本概率分配一般不易确定，从而使数据融合能力难以有效发挥。支持向量机是统计学习理论之上的高级分类算法，具有普适性和全局优化等特点，但输出的基本概率分配有待进一步提高。提出了一种基于证据理论和新型模糊支持向量机相结合的数据融合方法，通过建立基于分类超平面距离的模糊隶属度，训练模糊支持向量机提高传统支持向量机的基本概率分配，并结合证据理论进行海河水质数据融合。通过证据理论分别结合支持向量机和模糊综合评价法与上述方法进行对比实验，经精度、平均绝对百分误差、均方根误差等指标验证，精度提高10.5%，表明所提方法是一种可靠的多传感器的水质融合方法，较其他方法具有更高的融合精度。     

内蒙古河套平原盐碱化土壤改良分区特点与对策

[目的]综合区划是进行盐碱地分类改良与利用的基础,对改善生态环境、合理利用土壤资源和支撑农业经济发展具有重要作用。[方法]基于河套平原地貌类型(山地、冲洪积平原、沙漠等),考虑盐碱土形成特点、灌区水利现状及改良方向等,并参考区域内7.2万hm~2耕地(共采集5 399个土壤样品)土壤背景值,根据科学性、适用性、可推广性、可操作性等相关原则进行了河套平原盐碱化土壤综合改良分区和相应改良对策制定。[结果]将河套平原盐碱化土壤改良划分为6个一级区和13个亚区。一级区包括河套倾斜平原灌淤土土壤盐碱化改良区、黄河—引黄总干(二黄河)两河间平地盐碱化土壤改良区、乌加河排水总干沟北侧黄灌盐碱化土壤改良区、河套平原北部狼山南侧洪积冲积平原盐碱化土壤改良区、乌拉山—黄河之间三湖河盐碱化土壤改良区、乌兰布和沙漠东边缘绿洲盐碱化土壤改良区。[结论]将河套平原盐碱地改良治理与利用有机结合,科学划定了分区,并在综合考虑区域水盐平衡基础上,明确了各亚区黄河水和井水配合利用、地下水位调控、改良措施组合的综合改良对策和利用方向,为河套平原盐碱化土壤分区改良提供了依据。     

内蒙古黄河干流跨盟市水权试点研究

为了全面总结内蒙古自治区水权试点工作,介绍了内蒙古黄河干流跨盟市水权试点过程中强化行业监管方面的一些做法,总结了试点过程中坚持问题导向、坚持两手发力、强化节水管理、创新体制机制的一些重要经验。     

基于SWOT-AHP的工业仓储用岛开发利用策略研究——以舟山群岛新区为例

本文采用SWOT分析法对舟山工业仓储用岛开发利用的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行定性分析,再通过AHP法进行定量分析,构建SWOT-AHP模型。通过计算舟山工业仓储用岛开发利用策略四边形,确定舟山工业仓储用岛开发利用应选择开拓型战略,即发挥自身优势、抓住外部机遇。     

浅谈城市河道水环境综合整治

河道水环境对城市生态环境建设有着十分重大的意义。城市河道水环境综合整治正在不断壮大规模,现阶段正在朝着防洪固堤、水质提升、水环境改善方向发展,并且城市河道水环境的综合整治还要求对城市污水排放进行严格化管理,防止生活用水和工业污水对河道造成污染。论文主要对当前城市河道水环境存在的问题进行探讨,并对当前存在的问题提出一些具有针对性的解决措施。     

政工思想教育结合人力资源管理在企业中的应用分析

当前,人力资源是企业发展中重要的影响因素,也是企业竞争力提升的关键,但是受社会上多元化思潮的影响导致企业员工的思想被剧烈冲击,使企业人力资源管理工作的难度加大。因此,需要将人力资源管理工作与政工思想教育结合,通过政工思想教育对企业员工的职业道德、思想等进行强化,增强企业人员的责任意识以及企业内部的凝聚力。论文主要对政工思想教育结合人力资源管理工作的可行性进行分析,并对二者结合的现状进行总结,最后提出相应的结合对策。     

How entrepreneurs recognise entrepreneurial opportunity and its gaps: a cognitive theory perspective

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have verified the relationship between entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and performance. However, the influences of a perceived gap between entrepreneurial opportunities before and after launching a new venture have been neglected. This study applied the partial least square method to analyse the entrepreneurial behaviours and performance of 214 Taiwanese new ventures, and adapted the bootstrap re-sampling method for estimating the variables. The empirical results showed that entrepreneurial resource and entrepreneurial alertness significantly influence the perceived opportunity, while the entrepreneurial resource significantly affects the actual opportunity. The results further demonstrated that both the perceived opportunity and actual opportunity considerably influence new venture performance. This study offered a research framework to better understand the cognition path of entrepreneurial opportunity, and suggested the factors affecting the recognition of perceived opportunity by longitudinal method can be further evaluated. To improve performance, entrepreneurs should enrich entrepreneurial resources and allocate them appropriately, and heighten and maintain their alertness to reduce the perceived gap arising from recognising entrepreneurial opportunities.     

中国区域农业科技资源配置能力及比较优势研究*——基于省级农业科学院视角

[目的]通过测算各地区农业科技资源的配置能力,分析其比较优势并找出不足以便弥补差距,促进各区域农业科技配置能力的提高,为各地区农业经济的发展提供支持。省级农业科学院作为各省市规模最大、综合实力最强的农业科研机构,是农业科技创新的重要主体之一,分析其科技资源配置能力具有重要的现实意义。[方法]基于2009—2016年相关数据,遴选了有代表性的评价指标体系,运用突变级数法计算农业科技资源配置能力,运用NRCA模型定量分析农业科技资源配置效益的比较优势。[结果]山东农业科学院科技资源配置能力位居全国第一,甘肃、江苏、青海农业科学院分别在农业科技人力、物力、财力资源方面具有明显的比较优势。[结论]省级农业科学院科技资源配置能力区域差异十分明显,但区域格局变化不大,且大致与各地区经济实力相吻合;农业科技资源配置能力较高的农业科学院大多在农业科技物力资源配置效益方面具有比较优势,在农业科技人力、财力资源配置效益方面不具备比较优势。